Berlin is not only Germany's vibrant capital but also a burgeoning hub for financial services and asset management. With a diverse array of asset management companies, the city offers investors a wealth of options to grow their portfolios. Whether you are an expat looking for expert financial advice or a local seeking robust investment opportunities, Berlin's top asset managers are equipped to meet your needs. In this article, we will explore some of the most trusted asset management firms in Berlin.
Key Takeaways
- Berlin is a major center for asset management, offering a variety of investment opportunities for both locals and expats.
- Top asset management firms in Berlin provide diversified investment plans, holistic financial approaches, and transparent cost structures.
- These companies are equipped with innovative technologies and expert financial strategies to help you achieve your investment goals.
1. DWS Group
DWS Group is one of the world's leading asset managers, with a history spanning over 60 years. Building on more than 60 years of experience, DWS has established a reputation for excellence in Germany and beyond. The firm manages a substantial EUR 704 billion in assets, making it a significant player in the investment management industry.
2. Allianz Global Investors
Allianz Global Investors is a diversified active investment manager with a strong parent company and a culture of risk management. With more than 600 investment professionals at over 20 locations worldwide, Allianz Global Investors manages a substantial portfolio, making it a reliable choice for investors.
Global Presence
Allianz Global Investors boasts a global presence, with offices in major financial hubs. This extensive network allows them to leverage local expertise and provide tailored investment solutions.
Investment Strategies
The firm offers a wide range of investment strategies, including equity, fixed income, and alternative investments. Their approach is characterized by active management and a focus on delivering long-term value.
Commitment to Sustainability
Allianz Global Investors is committed to sustainability, integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into their investment processes. This commitment ensures that they not only seek financial returns but also contribute positively to society.
Strong Parent Company
As a part of the Allianz Group, one of the world's leading financial services providers, Allianz Global Investors benefits from a robust financial foundation and extensive resources.
Experienced Team
The firm employs a team of highly experienced professionals who bring a wealth of knowledge and expertise to the table. This ensures that clients receive top-notch investment advice and management.
Future Outlook
Looking ahead, Allianz Global Investors aims to continue expanding their global footprint and enhancing their investment offerings. They are committed to staying at the forefront of the industry and delivering superior value to their clients.
Allianz Global Investors currently manages a wide range of investment solutions and around EUR 90bn in private market assets, of which over 50% are invested in infrastructure.
Awards and Recognition
Allianz Global Investors has received numerous awards and recognitions for their excellence in investment management, further solidifying their reputation as a trusted asset manager.
3. Union Investment
Union Investment is a cooperative financial network management company, founded in 1956 and headquartered in Frankfurt am Main. With over 970 employees, the firm has established itself as a significant player in the investment management industry. Union Investment focuses on providing services such as consulting, asset management, real estate, and investment funds. The company has been active in the institutional real estate business since 1976, demonstrating a long-standing commitment to this sector.
4. Ampega Asset Management
Ampega Asset Management stands out as a prominent player in the asset management industry, particularly noted for its commitment to sustainability and innovative investment strategies. In a coordinated and multi-level process, we combine effective portfolio components that significantly increase the long-term prospects of success, optimise costs and adapt the overall risk to the client's true risk capacity and requirements. This approach ensures that clients receive tailored investment solutions that align with their financial goals and risk tolerance.
Investment Philosophy
Ampega's investment philosophy revolves around a balanced approach that integrates both traditional and alternative asset classes. This strategy not only diversifies the portfolio but also enhances its resilience against market volatility. The firm's focus on sustainability-linked loans is a testament to its dedication to responsible investing.
Services Offered
Ampega offers a comprehensive suite of services, including:
- Portfolio Management
- Risk Management
- Sustainable Investments
- Financial Advisory
These services are designed to cater to both institutional and private investors, ensuring a broad range of investment needs are met.
Market Position
Ampega Asset Management has established a strong market position, particularly in the realm of sustainability-linked loans. The firm's expertise in this area is highlighted by its ability to put more on the line for borrowers than just losing five basis points, as noted by Vivek Sapra of Ampega Asset Management.
Ampega's commitment to sustainability and innovative investment strategies makes it a reliable choice for investors seeking long-term growth and stability.
Contact Information
For more information or to get in touch with Ampega Asset Management, you can visit their website or contact their representatives via email.
5. Flossbach von Storch
Flossbach von Storch is a prominent asset management firm based in Germany, known for its robust investment strategies and client-centric approach. Our firm is dedicated to providing independent investment consulting and pension planning services to expats in Berlin.
Investment Philosophy
At Flossbach von Storch, we believe in a diversified investment approach that balances risk and reward. Our strategies are designed to meet the unique needs of each client, ensuring long-term financial stability.
Key Services
- Independent investment consulting
- Pension planning
- Portfolio management
Upcoming Events
We invite you to join our Flossbach von Storch Dialog with our capital market strategists, Philipp Vorndran and Thomas Lehr. The web conference will take place on Tuesday, 04.06.2024.
At Flossbach von Storch, we are committed to helping you achieve your financial goals through personalized and strategic investment solutions.
6. DekaBank
DekaBank is a prominent player in the asset management sector, providing a wide range of financial services. DekaBank's expertise spans across various investment solutions, making it a reliable choice for investors.
Services Offered
DekaBank offers a comprehensive suite of services, including asset management, financial advisory, and real estate investment. The bank's subsidiary, Deka Immobilien Investment GmbH, specializes in real estate asset management, acquisitions, and sales, as well as other real estate services.
Market Position
As one of the leading real estate investment managers, DekaBank boasts extensive international experience and is known for its responsible and holistic approach to investment management. This strong market position is supported by a robust infrastructure and a commitment to transparency and accountability.
Key Highlights
- Founded: 1956
- Headquarters: Frankfurt
- Employees: 252 (Deka Investment), 88 (Deka Immobilien)
DekaBank's long-standing presence and diversified service offerings make it a trustworthy partner for your investment needs.
Contact Information
For more information or to get in touch with DekaBank, you can visit their website at Deka.de or contact their representatives via email.
7. Commerz Real
Commerz Real is a prominent asset manager for real estate and renewables, operating as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Commerzbank AG. Their expertise lies in managing tangible assets, making them a reliable choice for investors seeking stability and growth in their portfolios. The company is well-regarded for its comprehensive approach to asset management, which includes acquisition, development, and portfolio optimization.
Sustainability Initiatives
Commerz Real places a strong emphasis on sustainability, integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria into their investment strategies. This commitment not only enhances the resilience of their portfolios but also aligns with the growing demand for responsible investing. Their projects often include energy-efficient buildings and renewable energy installations, contributing to a more sustainable future.
Services for Expats in Berlin
For expats in Berlin, Commerz Real offers tailored investment solutions that cater to the unique needs of international professionals. Their services are designed to help expats navigate the complexities of the German real estate market, providing expert guidance and support throughout the investment process. Whether you are looking to invest in residential or commercial properties, Commerz Real's team of experts is equipped to assist you in achieving your financial goals.
Commerz Real's open-ended real estate fund HausInvest concluded new leases or extended existing leases for an area of approx. 207,700 square metres in 2023.
8. MEAG
MEAG Munich ERGO Asset Management, a prominent player in the asset management industry, offers a comprehensive range of services including asset management and real estate investment. Founded in 1999 and headquartered in Munich, MEAG stands out for its commitment to diversification and sustainability in its investment portfolios. MEAG provides responsible investment solutions to both institutional and private investors, focusing on infrastructure, real estate, and equity investments.
9. HQ Trust
HQ Trust is a prominent asset management firm based in Berlin, known for its comprehensive wealth management services. We combine decades of investment experience with a structured and long-term approach to managing assets. Our experts conduct in-depth analyses of all asset classes to ensure a balanced and diversified portfolio for our clients.
10. Lupus alpha
Lupus alpha is a distinguished asset management firm known for its expertise in niche investment strategies. The firm has carved out a unique position in the market by focusing on specialized investment solutions that cater to the needs of institutional and private investors alike. Lupus alpha's commitment to innovation and performance has made it a preferred choice for those seeking to diversify their portfolios with high-quality, alternative investments.
11. Quoniam Asset Management
Quoniam Asset Management GmbH, founded in 1999 and headquartered in Frankfurt, is a prominent player in the investment management industry. With a team of 33 employees, Quoniam specializes in quantitative asset management, leveraging data-driven strategies to deliver superior investment outcomes. Their approach combines rigorous quantitative analysis with a deep understanding of market dynamics. This enables them to offer tailored investment solutions that meet the unique needs of their clients.
12. Metzler Asset Management
Metzler Asset Management is a distinguished name in the financial sector, known for its commitment to providing personalized and independent asset management services. As one of the oldest private banks in Germany, Metzler has a long-standing tradition of excellence and reliability. Their approach is client-centric, ensuring that each investment strategy is tailored to meet the unique needs and goals of their clients. This makes them a preferred choice for those seeking a trustworthy Asset Manager Berlin.
Key Services
Metzler Asset Management offers a comprehensive range of services designed to cater to various investment needs. These include:
- Wealth Management
- Institutional Asset Management
- Private Banking
- Investment Funds
Investment Philosophy
The firm's investment philosophy is grounded in a disciplined and research-driven approach. Metzler emphasizes the importance of understanding market dynamics and leveraging their extensive expertise to make informed investment decisions. This philosophy ensures that clients receive optimal returns while managing risks effectively.
Performance and Track Record
Metzler Asset Management has a proven track record of delivering consistent performance. Their investment strategies are designed to achieve long-term growth, making them a reliable partner for both private and institutional investors. The firm's commitment to transparency and accountability further enhances their reputation in the industry.
Metzler's focus on personalized service and independent advice sets them apart in the competitive landscape of asset management.
Why Choose Metzler?
Choosing Metzler Asset Management means opting for a firm with a rich history and a forward-looking approach. Their dedication to client satisfaction, combined with their expertise and innovative strategies, makes them an excellent choice for anyone looking to navigate the complexities of asset management in Berlin.
13. Universal-Investment
Universal-Investment is a prominent player in the asset management industry, known for its comprehensive range of services and innovative solutions. We can support you with custom-fit fund vehicles, efficient fund accounting, regulatory expertise, and unique fund distribution opportunities in Germany and beyond. This makes Universal-Investment a versatile choice for both institutional and private investors.
Key Services
Universal-Investment offers a variety of key services that cater to diverse investment needs:
- Fund Administration
- Risk Management
- Asset Servicing
- Fund Distribution
Performance
The firm's performance is underscored by its ability to deliver consistent returns and manage substantial assets. Their robust investment strategies and expert management team ensure that investors achieve their financial goals.
Leadership
Universal-Investment's leadership is characterized by a commitment to innovation and excellence. The management team brings a wealth of experience and a forward-thinking approach to asset management.
At Finanz2Go, we offer independent investment consulting and pension planning, helping expats in Berlin navigate their financial landscape with confidence.
Why Choose Universal-Investment?
Choosing Universal-Investment means opting for a partner with a proven track record and a client-centric approach. Their comprehensive services and regulatory expertise make them a reliable choice for investors looking to optimize their portfolios.
14. LBBW Asset Management
LBBW Asset Management is a prominent player in the asset management sector, known for its comprehensive range of services and robust investment strategies. As a subsidiary of Landesbank Baden-Württemberg, it benefits from the strong backing of one of Germany's largest banks. LBBW Asset Management offers a diverse array of investment solutions, including equity, fixed income, and alternative investments, tailored to meet the unique needs of both private and institutional clients.
15. BayernInvest
BayernInvest is a prominent player in the German asset management landscape, known for its robust investment strategies and commitment to sustainability. As one of the major asset managers in Germany, BayernInvest has been serving clients for over 35 years, focusing on future-oriented and sustainable investment solutions.
Investment Strategies
BayernInvest offers a diverse range of investment strategies tailored to meet the needs of various clients. These include strategic asset allocation, alternative asset classes, and risk overlay strategies. Their approach ensures that clients can achieve their financial goals through well-structured and diversified portfolios.
Services for Expats
For expats in Berlin, BayernInvest provides specialized services to help navigate the complexities of the German financial market. Their offerings include independent investment consulting and pension planning, ensuring that expats receive comprehensive support in managing their finances.
At Finanz2Go, we offer independent investment consulting and pension planning, helping expats in Berlin navigate their financial landscape with confidence.
Commitment to Sustainability
BayernInvest places a strong emphasis on sustainability, integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria into their investment processes. This commitment not only enhances the resilience of their portfolios but also aligns with the growing demand for responsible investing.
BayernInvest's dedication to sustainability and future-oriented investment solutions makes them a reliable choice for investors seeking long-term growth and stability.
16. ODDO BHF Asset Management
ODDO BHF Asset Management is a prominent player in the European asset management landscape, known for its robust investment strategies and client-centric approach. The firm offers a diverse range of investment solutions tailored to meet the unique needs of its clients, including private equity funds, real estate, and multi-asset strategies. Strengthening the balance sheet through strategic investments and disposals is a key focus for ODDO BHF, ensuring long-term value creation for its clients.
17. DJE Kapital
DJE Kapital AG is a prominent asset management firm based in Germany, known for its robust investment strategies and comprehensive financial services. Founded by Dr. Jens Ehrhardt in 1974, the company has grown to manage a substantial portfolio, emphasizing both performance and risk management.
Investment Philosophy
DJE Kapital's investment philosophy is centered around a balanced approach, combining fundamental analysis with macroeconomic insights. This strategy aims to achieve consistent returns while mitigating risks, making it a reliable choice for investors.
Key Funds
DJE Kapital offers a variety of funds tailored to different investment needs. Among the most notable is the DJE – Dividende & Substanz fund, managed by Jan Ehrhardt since 2003. This fund focuses on dividend-paying stocks and has a strong track record of performance.
Market Position
With a significant presence in the European market, DJE Kapital is well-regarded for its expertise in stock picking and asset allocation. The firm's ability to adapt to market changes and its commitment to research and innovation have solidified its reputation in the industry.
DJE Kapital's approach to investment is both innovative and grounded in extensive market research, ensuring that clients receive well-rounded financial advice and management.
Services for Expats
For expats in Berlin, DJE Kapital provides tailored investment solutions that cater to the unique financial needs of international clients. Their services include personalized portfolio management and comprehensive financial planning, ensuring that expats can navigate the complexities of the German financial landscape with confidence.
18. Warburg Invest
Warburg Invest is a distinguished asset management firm known for its responsible portfolio management. Our approach integrates environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria, ensuring that investments contribute to a cleaner environment, cross-border equality, and fair corporate governance. This commitment to sustainability not only aligns with global standards but also enhances the resilience and long-term performance of our portfolios.
Key Services
Warburg Invest offers a comprehensive range of services tailored to meet the diverse needs of our clients. These include:
- Wealth Management
- Investment Funds
- Market-Neutral Strategies
- Alternatives
Performance
Our performance is a testament to our robust investment strategies and the expertise of our management team. Warburg Invest has consistently delivered strong returns, making it a reliable choice for investors seeking stability and growth.
Leadership
The leadership at Warburg Invest is spearheaded by a team of seasoned professionals who bring a wealth of experience and a proven track record in managing high-performing funds. Their strategic vision and commitment to excellence drive the firm's success.
At Finanz2Go, we offer independent investment consulting and pension planning, helping expats in Berlin navigate their financial landscape with confidence.
19. Hauck & Aufhäuser Asset Management
Hauck & Aufhäuser Asset Management is a distinguished name in the financial sector, known for its comprehensive and client-centric approach to asset management. Their expertise spans across various asset classes, ensuring that clients receive tailored investment solutions that align with their financial goals. The firm prides itself on its ability to navigate the complexities of the financial markets, providing robust and sustainable investment strategies.
Key Services
Hauck & Aufhäuser offers a wide range of services designed to meet the diverse needs of their clients. These include:
- Wealth Management
- Investment Funds
- Market-Neutral Strategies
- Alternatives
Performance
The firm's performance is a testament to its strategic acumen and market insight. Hauck & Aufhäuser has consistently delivered strong returns, leveraging their deep understanding of market dynamics and investment opportunities. Their market-leading rankings and editorial commentary highlight their position as a top-tier asset manager.
Client-Centric Approach
At the core of Hauck & Aufhäuser's philosophy is a commitment to client satisfaction. They offer personalized services that cater to the unique needs of each client, from private individuals to large institutions. This client-centric approach ensures that every investment strategy is tailored to achieve optimal results.
Hauck & Aufhäuser's dedication to excellence and innovation makes them a reliable partner for investors seeking to navigate the financial landscape with confidence.
Sustainability Initiatives
Hauck & Aufhäuser is also committed to sustainable investing. They integrate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria into their investment processes, aligning their strategies with the growing demand for responsible investing. This commitment not only enhances the resilience of their portfolios but also contributes to a more sustainable future.
20. Lampe Asset Management
Lampe Asset Management is a distinguished player in the asset management sector, known for its comprehensive and client-centric approach. For many private clients, families, entrepreneurs, heirs, foundations, and companies, the engagement of a personal and licensed asset manager has become common practice. In an increasingly complex world, the trustworthiness and the independence of the client's "own" financial specialists have become key criteria for decisions and success.
21. FERI Trust
FERI Trust is a distinguished asset management firm known for its comprehensive wealth management services. Our approach is characterized by a blend of traditional and innovative investment strategies, ensuring that our clients receive the best possible financial advice and management.
Key Services
FERI Trust offers a wide range of services tailored to meet the diverse needs of our clients. These services include:
- Wealth Management
- Investment Consulting
- Portfolio Management
- Risk Management
Performance
One of the standout features of FERI Trust is our consistent performance in delivering risk-adjusted returns. Our investment strategies are designed to balance risk and reward, ensuring long-term financial stability for our clients. We have a proven track record of achieving high recurring income, which is a testament to our robust investment strategies.
Leadership
Our leadership team is composed of seasoned professionals with extensive experience in the asset management industry. The team is dedicated to providing transparent and professional advice, ensuring that our clients' financial goals are met with precision and care.
At FERI Trust, we believe that our independence is your freedom. Our mission is to enable everyone to have professional and individual wealth management.
Why Choose FERI Trust?
Choosing FERI Trust means opting for a firm that values trust and responsibility. Our commitment to transparent advice, professional fund selection, and continuous optimization makes us a reliable partner for your financial journey. We are dedicated to helping you achieve your financial goals through personalized and strategic investment solutions.
22. Bethmann Bank
Bethmann Bank is renowned for its holistic advisory approach in wealth management, investment consulting, and financial planning. As a distinguished institution, it offers a comprehensive suite of services tailored to meet the unique needs of its clients. Bethmann Bank's commitment to personalized service ensures that each client receives bespoke financial solutions that align with their individual goals and circumstances.
23. Berenberg
Berenberg Asset Management is a prominent player in the financial sector, known for its comprehensive range of services. The firm specializes in wealth management, offering a broad spectrum of services tailored to individual client needs. Their expertise spans across various asset classes, including equities, multi-asset, fixed income, and alternative investments.
Key Services
- Wealth Management
- Investment Funds
- Market-Neutral Strategies
- Alternatives
Performance
One of the standout offerings is the Berenberg Aktien – Strategie Deutschland RT fund, which has shown a remarkable three-year total return of 36.3% from September 2015 to September 2018. This performance is a testament to the firm's robust investment strategies and the expertise of its management team.
Leadership
The leadership at Berenberg is spearheaded by Henning Gebhardt, a highly regarded figure in the industry. As the Chief Investment Officer for wealth and asset management, Gebhardt brings a wealth of experience and a proven track record in managing high-performing funds.
Why Choose Berenberg?
At Berenberg, the focus is on delivering tailored investment solutions that align with the unique goals and circumstances of each client. This client-centric approach ensures that every investment strategy is personalized and optimized for success.
Berenberg Asset Management is an excellent choice for those seeking a reliable and experienced Financial Advisor Berlin. With a client-centric approach and a diverse range of services, they stand out as a top choice for expats and locals alike.
24. M.M.Warburg & CO
M.M.Warburg & CO is a distinguished name in the asset management industry, known for its comprehensive range of financial services. The firm has a strong presence in Berlin, Hamburg, and Zurich, making it a reliable choice for investors seeking robust financial solutions. Their expertise in asset management is well-recognized, particularly through the offerings of Warburg Invest KAG and their administrative services in custodianship.
Key Services
M.M.Warburg & CO offers a variety of services tailored to meet the diverse needs of their clients. These include:
- Wealth Management
- Investment Funds
- Custodial Services
- Advisory Services
Performance
The firm's performance in asset management has been noteworthy. In the year under review, M.M.Warburg & CO demonstrated significant positive results, underscoring their capability to deliver consistent returns to their clients. Their strategic approach and expert management have been pivotal in achieving these outcomes.
Why Choose M.M.Warburg & CO?
Choosing M.M.Warburg & CO means opting for a firm with a proven track record and a client-centric approach. Their commitment to excellence and personalized service ensures that each client's financial goals are met with precision and care. For expats in Berlin, their local expertise and comprehensive service offerings make them an ideal partner in navigating the complexities of the financial landscape.
25. HSBC Global Asset Management and more
HSBC Global Asset Management
HSBC Global Asset Management is a prominent player in the financial sector, known for its comprehensive range of services. With a global presence and a strong reputation, HSBC offers a variety of investment solutions tailored to meet the needs of both individual and institutional investors. Their expertise spans across various asset classes, including equities, fixed income, and alternative investments. HSBC's commitment to innovation and risk management makes it a reliable choice for investors seeking stability and growth.
J.P. Morgan Asset Management
J.P. Morgan Asset Management is another leading firm in the asset management industry. With a history of excellence and a robust global network, J.P. Morgan provides a wide array of investment strategies designed to deliver long-term value. Their services include wealth management, retirement planning, and market-neutral strategies. The firm's focus on research and technology ensures that clients receive cutting-edge investment solutions.
BlackRock
BlackRock is the world's largest asset manager, offering a diverse range of investment products and services. Their extensive portfolio includes mutual funds, ETFs, and alternative investments. BlackRock's emphasis on sustainability and responsible investing aligns with the growing demand for ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) criteria in investment decisions. Their innovative approach and vast resources make them a top choice for investors worldwide.
Vanguard
Vanguard is renowned for its low-cost investment solutions and client-centric approach. The firm offers a variety of index funds, ETFs, and actively managed funds, catering to both individual and institutional investors. Vanguard's commitment to transparency and cost-efficiency has earned it a loyal client base. Their focus on long-term investment strategies and financial education makes them a trusted partner for investors seeking to build wealth over time.
Fidelity International
Fidelity International provides a comprehensive range of investment services, including mutual funds, retirement planning, and wealth management. With a strong emphasis on research and innovation, Fidelity offers tailored investment solutions that meet the unique needs of their clients. Their global presence and extensive resources enable them to deliver consistent performance and exceptional service.
For those seeking a holistic choice for shariah-compliant investments, HSBC Global Asset Management stands out with its dedicated offerings and expertise.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the asset management landscape in Berlin is diverse and dynamic, offering a plethora of options for investors. From global giants like HSBC and BlackRock to specialized firms like Vanguard and Fidelity, there is no shortage of expertise and innovation. By carefully evaluating the services and strengths of each firm, investors can make informed decisions that align with their financial goals and risk tolerance.
Discover the latest insights on HSBC Global Asset Management and more in our comprehensive guide. Our expert financial advisors in Berlin are here to help you develop a globally diversified investment plan tailored to your personal goals. Don't miss out on the opportunity to secure your financial future.
Conclusion
In conclusion, finding the best asset manager in Berlin is a multifaceted process that demands careful consideration of several critical factors. By thoroughly evaluating the qualifications, experience, and approach to financial planning of potential asset managers, individuals can ensure that their financial objectives are met with precision and care. Additionally, understanding the cost structures and ensuring transparency in the services offered are imperative to making an informed decision. By adhering to these guidelines, prospective clients can navigate the complex financial landscape of Berlin with confidence and achieve their investment goals.
Frequently Asked Questions
What qualifications should I look for in an asset manager in Berlin?
When choosing an asset manager in Berlin, it's important to look for qualifications such as certifications (e.g., CFA, CFP), relevant degrees, and a proven track record. Experience with diverse investment portfolios and positive client testimonials are also key indicators of expertise.
How are asset management fees structured in Berlin?
Asset management fees can vary, but it's crucial to look for transparent fee arrangements. Common structures include flat fees, hourly rates, or a percentage of assets under management. Make sure to clarify any potential hidden fees or additional costs.
Why is local expertise important when selecting an asset manager in Berlin?
Local expertise is essential as it ensures the asset manager is knowledgeable about German financial regulations and local laws. This can help in navigating the complexities of the financial landscape in Berlin and ensuring compliance with all legal requirements.